When talking about graphene, we need to initially discuss the natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, but the mix of carbon atoms in between various layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms form a regular hexagonal ring on the very same plane, extending to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a single layer framework.
Greater than 20 years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a means to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a very “basic and unrefined” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists strongly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it additionally stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was split into 2. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have actually validated the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical peeling approach” to duplicate the operation, they finally obtained a slim sheet including just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this technique of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has low manufacturing effectiveness and can only be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the renovation of clinical and technological degrees, the prep work approach of graphene has actually also made excellent progression. Currently, along with this conventional physical and mechanical peeling method, there are additionally lots of techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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